May 20th,2010 by Eric
Many companies have specific rules for gift giving in a business context. They may have items on hand that managers can use for gifts; calendars, pens, clocks, and golf balls are popular items. In giving business gifts, businesspeople from the United States also must be aware of legal restrictions based on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which outlaws bribery and strictly limits the value of gifts one can give and accept. The official company rules on gift giving may not specify what to do if an employee is invited to attend a social event such as a dinner party.
Cultural Rules for Establishing Relationships.
In many cultures it is appropriate to take small gifts when one is invited to enjoy hospitality. In Northern Europe a fitting gift is flowers or chocolates for the hostess. A bottle of wine, especially in France, could, however, be viewed by the host as an insult, indicating that he or she does not serve good wine. In Germany roses and chrysanthemums are not considered appropriate. Roses are for lovers, and chrysanthemums are for funerals. Flowers also must be in uneven numbers and are taken out of the paper be-fore being presented, unlike the custom in Great Britain.
In Japan gifts are important. Twice a year, at New Year's and in July, people present gifts to work associates, friends, and family members. These two times coincide with the payment of the twice-annual bonus.
An unwritten protocol dictates what is appropriate. Levels of hierarchy are observed closely. People know what to give to a subordinate or a boss. Importance is attached not only to what one gives but also to where the present was bought. A present from a prestigious and expensive department store counts for a lot more than does the same present bought at a small neighborhood store. However, the Japanese are beginning to change their behavior somewhat and are becoming more price-conscious, increasingly buying gifts at discount stores. But a gift bought at Mitsukoshi in the Ginza, for example, still carries a certain degree of prestige. A Japanese business professor presented a visiting professor from Belgium with several gifts: books, teacups, and a fan, all nicely wrapped. As he gave the presents, he pointed out that they came from the best department store in town. Purchasing gifts for coworkers can become a financial burden; therefore, several companies have started to set rules that abolish gift giving in the office. A few years ago such a rule would have been unthinkable because gift giving was part of life. However, times have changed, and increasingly people are reluctant to spend money on gifts for people to whom they don't feel close.
The problem for an outsider is to determine what is appropriate. If one is not familiar with the ritual, one is at a loss about what to select. Japanese businessmen appreciate gifts of whiskey. Given the price of whiskey in Japan, however, a foreign visitor may want to secure the gift outside Japan. Nicely packaged food items, such as fruit and meat, are welcome gifts too. Personal items are taboo; gifts should be neutral.
Packaging also is an issue. Elaborate wrapping is considered very important in Japan, less so in the United States and Canada, and even less so in Great Britain. Because of packaging laws in Germany, for example, wrappings may disappear completely. The law requires stores to take back any packaging that is considered superfluous. Under this provision, a store has to keep the toothpaste carton and cartons for six-packs of soft drinks and beer. Germany, which already restricts the amount of household garbage, is contemplating charging garbage collection fees by the pound of garbage. In this situation a host may not appreciate elaborate wrapping of presents.
In the United States the recipient of a gift is expected to open the gift immediately upon receipt. Doing otherwise would show a lack of interest and appreciation; it would be rude. Children are taught early on to open gifts and acknowledge them with elaborate praise: "How wonderful; just what I always wanted!" Germans open presents too but are more reserved in their comments. The Japanese and Chinese, in contrast, never open presents while the giver is around. This would be very rude because of the potential loss of face for the giver and even the receiver. Parents take great care to emphasize appropriate behavior with their children. One Chinese mother explained that it was hard at times to ensure that her daughter would not jump to open the present. It was difficult, but for obvious reasons it was necessary. Chinese or Japanese who are familiar with the custom in the United States may go ahead and open presents from foreigners. If you are not certain, the best approach is to explain the custom of your culture and ask if it is acceptable to open the present. Most people understand that customs are different in different countries. They may find it strange, but they will appreciate the fact that the foreigner asks.
In the United States it is typical to ask whether one can bring anything when being invited. The hostess will say no unless she knows the guest very well. It all follows a ritual in which the actors know their roles. The institution of potluck dinners where everyone brings a dish is unheard of in Europe. If one invites, the assumption is that one can prepare the food and generally handle the work associated with entertaining. In China it is unthinkable to bring something for dinner. The host is gaining face by offering hospitality to guests and is storing obligation debts to his credit.
The way people from different cultures express appreciation for hospitality varies. In the United States a businessperson who is invited for dinner to the private home of a business contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event. The Japanese tend to not write thank-you notes. Giving and showing hospitality are part of reciprocity. It is an ongoing process that never ends. To thank someone with a thank-you note could be interpreted as a signal that the writer wants to settle the "debt" and close the relationship. Germans hardly ever write thank-you notes. They say "thank you" at the end of a visit. They are sincere in their appreciation, but they don't send notes.
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